1820-1877

__//**What we all have to look up:**//__

Abraham Lincoln Henry Clay Andrew Jackson Fredrick Douglas Harriet Tubman Robert E. Lee Stephen Douglas Harriett Beecher Stowe James Fenimore Cooper Joseph Smith

Timeline Missouri Compromise - 1820 Monroe Doctrine - December 2, 1823 Indian Removal Act - May 25, 1830 Compromise of 1850 - September, 1850 Dred Scott Case - March 6, 1857 Bleeding Kansas - 1854-> January 29, 1861 13th Amendment - December 6, 1865 14th Amendment - July 9, 1868 15th Amendment - February 3, 1870 Alaska Purchase - 1867

=People=

**__Abraham Lincoln__** - Nick F. (2)

 * 16th president
 * The best president, as this man wore a top hat
 * Known as "The Great Emancipator"
 * Fought to preserve the union during the Civil War
 * Strong Supporter of Non-radical reconstruction
 * Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

__**Henry Clay - Kyle S.**__
 * Leading war hawk
 * “The Great Compromiser”
 * He was instrumental in forming the Missouri Compormise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850
 * Abraham Lincoln was a great admirer of Clay saying he was "my ideal of a great man."
 * When Clay died his Will freed all the slaves he owned
 * In the election of 1824 Clay was appointed Secretary of State

__**Andrew Jackson ( March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845 ) -Ryan V. **__ Analysis of why they are important and significant to US history: Factual Information that supports the identification of them as important:
 * Andrew Jackson, or “Old Hickory” as he was known by, was a rich slave owner who championed the common man and supported states’ rights during his years as president. Jackson saw the president as the spokesperson for the people so while he was president, he strengthened his position considerably by his actions. Jackson also founded the modern Democratic Party on his principles and this era was known as the Era of Jacksonian Democracy. **
 * Jackson drove the Indians out of their lands east of the Mississippi River with the Indian Removal Act.
 * Jackson established the idea that states could not nullify federal laws through the Nullification Crisis.
 * Jackson destroyed the National Bank which he thought only benefited the wealthy.

= Fredrick Douglass – Brianna S. = = =

- 1818-1895 - Douglass was born into slavery in Easton, Maryland and was later moved to another home in Baltimore - Learned to read and write around age 6 with the help of his master’s mistress; later he even began to trade food for reading and writing lessons - At the age of 18, Douglass was able to escape and moved to Massachusetts - He later became a leader of the abolitionist movement and women’s rights movement - Spoke at Anti-Slavery Society meetings and at the Seneca Falls Convention - He also started his own newspaper, //The North Star//, an anti-slavery publication - Douglass is one of the most important figures of the 1800’s because he played a significant role in the step towards equal rights for all people, especially blacks and women - His example inspired others to continue on and fight in the civil rights movement

= Harriet Tubman – Brianna S. =

= =

- 1820-1913

- She was born into slavery and was able to escape North in her early 20’s

- After escaping, Tubman resolved to return South and rescue other slaves

- She became the most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad (a connection of homes and roads that were traveled by night so slaves could reach the safety of the North)

- Tubman made over 19 trips to the South and was able to rescue more than 300 slaves

- She was known for her bravery and determination, and she is often called the bravest of all the abolitionists

- Harriet Tubman is important because she was able to escape slavery and help hundreds of others escape

- She also became one of the most well-known abolitionists and an early civil rights leader

__**Robert E. Lee**__ - Nick F. (2)

 * Confederate General
 * Civil Rights activist after the war
 * Re-awarded citizenship posthumously
 * Supporter of Non-radical Reconstruction

__**Stephen Douglas - Kyle S.**__
 * Nicknamed the “Little Giant” because he was really short but he was a huge figure in politics
 * The Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860, lost to Republican Abraham Lincoln
 * Believed in Popular Sovereignty
 * Seven formal joint debate appearances, known as the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 * Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill
 * Stephen Douglas died in 1861.

[[image:the_woman_who_started_the_civil_war-460x307.jpg]]

 * Stowe had a passion for writing and wrote many works including books on childrearing, homemaking, religious studies, and even children’s books
 * Her most famous work was __Uncle Tom’s Cabin__
 * The book caused the Southerner’s to become outraged and they banned the book; the northerner’s praised it and used it as an example in the fight against slavery
 * She went on to write other books such as __Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin__ and __Dred: A Tale from the Swamp__ - both anti-slavery pieces
 * She is important because her passion for human rights was a great early example of abolitionist work and inspired many people to being working to end slavery

__**James Fenimore Cooper ( September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851 ) -Ryan V. **__ Analysis of why they are important and significant to US history: Factual Information that supports the identification of them as important:
 * With his works of literature, Cooper increased American nationalism and pride. He also generated some foreign respect for American literature and helped establish an American style of writing. He also helped to raise awareness and respect for the American Indians who had been disrespected greatly. **
 * Cooper authored The Last of the Mohicans
 * He also authored several other books including the Leatherstocking Tales

= =

[[image:Joseph_Smith_mormon.jpg]]

 * Smith lived in New York in what was known as the “Burned Over District” because religion was practiced with much intensity
 * When he could not pick a single religion to belong to, he turned to God for truth, and in turn founded the Mormon religion (known today as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints)
 * Smith and the Mormon church were facing persecution, so he led a migration to the west
 * Eventually, Joseph Smith was shot when he was being held in jail on “false charges”
 * He was important because he was a part of a greater movement towards religious reform

=Events=

__**Missouri Compromise (1820) -Ryan V. **__ **5 things that Influenced Development:** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The US Constitution: did not prohibit slavery
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Louisiana Purchase: provided the land
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Conflict between North and South over Slavery
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People moving west seeking new opportunities
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Henry Clay’s idea that compromising over slavery would eventually end the conflict

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Why is it important (factual):** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Maintained balance in the Senate between slave and free states
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Made a resolution to ban slavery north of the 36º 30’ line
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">First of many Henry Clay compromises including the Nullification Crisis and the Compromise of 1850.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Provided for even more tension in the future between North and South over slavery

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**How Event Influenced Development of US:** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calmed tensions between regions and delayed any further conflicts over slavery
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Effectively split the Union with the 36º 30’ line and provided for future sectionalism
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Helped delay civil war, but made it worse than it could have been, building up even more tension that could only be separated with war

__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Monroe Doctrine (December 2, 1823) -Ryan V. **__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**5 things that Influenced Development:** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Revolutionary War: made America an independent country
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">War of 1812: brought foreign respect and recognition to America
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The increase in nationalism and pride in America that arose in the early 1800s
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The increased trust and closeness with Great Britain that resulted in the years following the War of 1812
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The idea that America’s government was different than that of the European countries and they needed to stay on their side of the globe

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Why is it important (factual):** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Convinced European governments that no more imperialistic ventures should be attempted in the western hemisphere
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increased American pride and feeling of levelness with the European powers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increased closeness between the United States and England
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increased respect for America from other countries without really doing anything

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**How Event Influenced Development of US:** **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Helped to initiate a rise in the nationalism of United States citizens
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Helped to level the playing field, so to say, between America and the European powers in terms of respect
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increased American sense of security and control

[[image:indianremoval.jpg]]

 * In the early 1800’s, the Indians still occupied much of the Southern United States, especially in the areas in the Appalachian mountains and around the Mississippi River
 * White settlers saw these Indians as problems and persuaded the federal government to take action
 * After Andrew Jackson took office, he passed the “Indian Removal Act”
 * This act was supposed to be a series of treaties that the government would make with the Indians to move them from the lands around the Mississippi to lands out west
 * However, the removal was not peaceful and led to the infamous “Trail of Tears”
 * The Trail of Tears was a march of Cherokee Indians in which 4,000 died
 * This act is important because it shows a low time in the United States history when the Indians were severely discriminated against and treated unfairly
 * Because of actions like these, most Indians today still live on reservations in the west

__**Compromise of 1850**__ - Nick F. (2)

 * Causes
 * Wilmot Proviso
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Texas Annexation
 * California Gold Rush
 * Decision
 * California is a Free state
 * Utah and New Mexico would decide based on popular sovereignty
 * Texas Dropped Claims to New mexico, National government assumes debt
 * Figitive slave slaws strengthened
 * Slave TRADE banned in D.C.
 * Effects
 * Repealed Missouri compromise (36-30)
 * Increased northern and southern tensions
 * Continued precident of slavery being the largest issue of the expanding country

[[image:dred_scott.jpg]]

 * Decided March 6, 1857
 * Chief Justice: Roger B. Taney
 * Dred Scott was a slave who’s owner died in 1842; the owner’s wife inherited all his property, including the slaves
 * After three years, Scott decided to buy back his family’s freedom, but the wife refused and he sued the owner
 * First case: Dred Scott vs. Emerson
 * This case ruled in favor of the slaves and let Scott purchase his family’s freedom
 * However, Emerson appealed and the case went to the Supreme Court
 * Second case: Dred Scott vs. Sanford
 * The court ruled that blacks could never be citizens
 * Also ruled that it was illegal to ban slavery in the territories due to the Property Clause (and since slaves were property, people were allowed to own them)
 * Therefore declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
 * Last, slaves brought into free territories were not automatically freed
 * Dred Scott vs. Sanford seems like such a startling case, but in the 1800’s, as the morality of slavery was overlooked, the cases of Dred Scott and others like this were very common and often had similar rulings
 * This case was important because

__Bleeding Kansas__ - Nick F. (2)
**Causes **What Happened** Effects
 * Slavery
 * Kansas Nebraska Act
 * Popular sovereignty
 * Settlers move from the Missouri slave state into Kansas to attempt to sway the vote and creat another slave state out of kansas in the upcoming election under popular sovereignty. Advocaters of abolition move to Kansas to attempt to counteract this influx of slave supporters. Someone says something about someone's mom, both sides begin fighting violently to attempt to force the other side out of Kansas, effectively turning Kansas into a war zone. **
 * Increased tension between north and south
 * Continued the precident of slavery being the largest issue of the expanding country

= The 13th Amendment – Brianna S. =



- December 6, 1865 - This amendment states: - Because of the Civil War and all of the slavery debates, this amendment was a disappointment for the South, a success for the North, and a victory for black slaves and abolitionists - The 13th Amendment is important because it made slavery illegal in the United States
 * Slavery in the United States is illegal and will be a punishable crime

The 14th Amendment – Brianna S.



- July 9, 1968 - This amendment states: - The 14th amendment is important because it defined citizenship, and it guaranteed equal rights to all people
 * All people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens
 * All citizens are guaranteed life, liberty, and property
 * All are guaranteed equal protection of the law
 * Any person who runs for office may not have been an officer in a state of rebellion

=The 15th Amendment (February 3, 1870) (Kyle S.)=
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">"The Right to Vote to all men"
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: -webkit-left;">The last of the “Reconstruction Amendments”
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: -webkit-left;">Designed to prohibit discrimination against voters on the basis on race or previous condition of servitude
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Republicans wanted the 15th Amendment passed to obtain the vote of the freed slaves.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Ulysses S. Gran was the president at the time

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Droid Serif',cursive; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> =Alaska Purchase (1867) (Kyle S.)=
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The purchase of the Alaska territory by the United States from Russia in 1867 ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The United Stated acquired an area twice as large as Texas ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">It was not until the Klondike gold strike in 1896 that Alaska came to be seen as a valuable addition the American territory ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alaska Day celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867. ======
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Charles Sumner was a huge supporter of the Purchase